I INTRODUCTION
Steven Spielberg, born in 1946, American motion-picture director, producer, and executive, whose movies feature action, suspense, special-effects wizardry, and memorable stories. Spielberg films such as Jaws (1975), E.T.—The Extra-Terrestrial (1982), Jurassic Park (1993), and Schindler’s List (1993) enjoyed enormous commercial success and earned recognition for their craftsmanship.
Spielberg was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and educated at California State College at Long Beach (now California State University at Long Beach). He began making movies at the age of 12, and by the time he left college he had at least eight amateur works to his credit. Spielberg’s short film Amblin’ (1968) came to the attention of Universal Pictures, which signed him to a seven-year contract.
II EARLY DIRECTORIAL SUCCESSES
Spielberg’s earliest commercial efforts were television movies, among them Duel (1971), a suspense film that brought him wider recognition. Sugarland Express (1974), Spielberg’s first full-length feature film, was an expertly crafted variant on the road picture. It was soon followed by Jaws, a thriller based on American author Peter Benchley’s novel about a great white shark that terrorizes a beach community. Jaws proved a tremendous success, established Spielberg’s reputation as a director, and heralded a new era of blockbuster films with large gross revenues. Other Spielberg films of the 1970s included the science-fiction epic Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and an unsuccessful historical farce, 1941 (1979).
Spielberg’s earliest commercial efforts were television movies, among them Duel (1971), a suspense film that brought him wider recognition. Sugarland Express (1974), Spielberg’s first full-length feature film, was an expertly crafted variant on the road picture. It was soon followed by Jaws, a thriller based on American author Peter Benchley’s novel about a great white shark that terrorizes a beach community. Jaws proved a tremendous success, established Spielberg’s reputation as a director, and heralded a new era of blockbuster films with large gross revenues. Other Spielberg films of the 1970s included the science-fiction epic Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and an unsuccessful historical farce, 1941 (1979).
Spielberg teamed up with writer-producer George Lucas in the 1980s to make the action-adventure Indiana Jones film series: Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). Other directorial projects during this period included the science-fiction fantasy E.T.—The Extra-Terrestrial, at the time the highest-grossing film ever made; The Color Purple (1985), a drama based on the novel by Alice Walker; Empire of the Sun (1987), based on an autobiographical novel by J. G. Ballard about a young boy’s struggle to survive in Japanese-occupied Shanghai at the beginning of
III FIRST PRODUCTION COMPANY
In the late 1970s Spielberg began to get involved with production and screenwriting. In 1984 he established an independent production unit called Amblin Entertainment. Under this company he produced such films as Gremlins (1984), Back to the Future (1985), Young Sherlock Holmes (1985), *batteries not included (1987), Back to the Future II (1989), Arachnophobia (1990), Cape Fear (1991), and The Flintstones (1994). He also produced the animated features An American Tail (1986), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (1991), and We’re Back! A Dinosaur’s Story (1993).
In the late 1970s Spielberg began to get involved with production and screenwriting. In 1984 he established an independent production unit called Amblin Entertainment. Under this company he produced such films as Gremlins (1984), Back to the Future (1985), Young Sherlock Holmes (1985), *batteries not included (1987), Back to the Future II (1989), Arachnophobia (1990), Cape Fear (1991), and The Flintstones (1994). He also produced the animated features An American Tail (1986), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (1991), and We’re Back! A Dinosaur’s Story (1993).
IV FIRST ACADEMY AWARD
In 1993 Spielberg released Jurassic Park, which featured spectacular computer-created dinosaurs and became within four weeks of its release the top-grossing motion picture to that time. Later that year Schindler’s List, a powerful black-and-white epic about loss and survival during the Holocaust, earned critical acclaim for Spielberg and won Academy Awards for best director and best picture. It was Spielberg’s first Academy Award for best director, although the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences had honored him with the Irving Thalberg Award in 1987.
In 1993 Spielberg released Jurassic Park, which featured spectacular computer-created dinosaurs and became within four weeks of its release the top-grossing motion picture to that time. Later that year Schindler’s List, a powerful black-and-white epic about loss and survival during the Holocaust, earned critical acclaim for Spielberg and won Academy Awards for best director and best picture. It was Spielberg’s first Academy Award for best director, although the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences had honored him with the Irving Thalberg Award in 1987.
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