Tutankhamun or Tutankhamen, Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty who ruled from about 1333 to 1323 bc. He succeeded Akhenaton on the throne of ancient Egypt. Tutankhamun was either the son-in-law of Akhenaton or Akhenaton’s son by a minor wife. Akhenaton had replaced the ancient Egyptian religion, which had many gods, with the worship of the sun god Aton, with whom he identified strongly. Akhenaton had also moved the Egyptian capital from Thebes, associated with the worship of the god Amon, to a new capital, Akhetaton, devoted to the celebration of Aton. These actions brought him into conflict with powerful priests, who bitterly fought the changes. Tutankhamun was born at the new capital and named Tutankhaten (meaning “living image of Aton”) at birth.
Tutankhaten became pharaoh at about the age of 9 and ruled until his death at about the age of 18. His claim to the throne came through his marriage to Ankhesenpaaten, Akhenaton’s daughter. Because he was still a child, he received guidance from older court officials who had served under Akhenaton. Peace was brought to Egypt during his reign. The worship of Amon was restored and Thebes, the city sacred to Amon, was again made Egypt’s capital. Tutankhaten then changed his name to Tutankhamun to honor Amon, and his wife became Ankhesenamun. Ay, an aged official who had guided Tutankhamun, succeeded him and married Ankhesenamun.
Tutankhamun ruled only a short time and little is known about his reign. He is well known today because his tomb, containing fabulous treasures, was found virtually intact in 1922 by British archaeologists Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon. The tomb consisted of a passageway and four connected chambers that were decorated with wall paintings and filled with a rich array of objects. The thousands of objects ranged from gold-covered chariots, chairs, beds, lamps, and jewelry to wearing apparel, writing equipment, and even a lock of Tutankhamun’s grandmother’s hair. In the burial chamber itself, placed inside three coffins, lay the mummy of Tutankhamun, the face covered by a gold mask inlaid with lapis lazuli and colored glass. The discovery of the tomb gave the world a detailed idea of the grandeur of royal life in ancient Egypt.
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